On 14 Frimaire (5 December 1793) the National Convention passed the Law of Frimaire, which gave the central government more control over the actions of the representatives on mission. The Committee's powers were gradually eroded. The young men shall fight; the married man shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall pick rags to lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public square in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic. The Terror had an economic side embodied in the Maximum, a price-control measure demanded by the lower classes of Paris, and a religious side that was embodied in the program of de-Christianization pursued by the followers of Jacques Hébert. They advocated for arrests of those deemed to oppose reforms against those with privilege, and the more militant members would advocate pillage in order to achieve the desired equality. In addition, there were reasons to suspect that Louis XVI conspiring with foreign powers to invade France who … Marjorie Bloy. These criticisms were often used by revolutionary leaders as justification for their dechristianisation reforms. The Reign of Terror took place during the brief period of rule of the urban workers, or 'sans-culottes' , called the Jacobin government because of their alliance with the political Jacobin Club. The tide would not turn from them until September 1792 when the French won a critical victory at Valmy preventing the Austro-Prussian invasion. On 10 November (20 Brumaire Year II of the French Republican Calendar), the Hébertists organized a Festival of Reason. "Modern History Sourcebook: Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, 1748." A combination of food scarcity and rising prices led to the overthrow of the Girondins and increased the popular support of the Montagnards, who created the Committee of Public Safety to deal with the various crises. During this time all of the people of Vendee loyally stood by the Church and the Catholic monarchy of France and could clearly be distinguished wearing Rosaries around their necks at all times and the symbol of the Sacred Heart of Jesus sewn onto their hats. According to French historian Jean-Clément Martin there was no "system of terror" instated by the Convention between 1793 and 1794, despite the pressure from some of its members and the sans-culottes. The Jacobins felt that it was their duty to preserve the revolution, even if it meant violence and terror. On 27 July 1793 Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety. In response to what they viewed to be the meddling of foreign powers, France declared war on 20 April 1792. [citation needed] There was the constant threat of the Austro-Prussian forces which were advancing easily toward the capital, threatening to destroy Paris if the monarch was harmed. During this time, French people who did not support the revolution were executed at the guillotine. French Revolution. What Robespierre calls "terror" is the fear that the justice of exception shall inspire the enemies of the Republic. In, Leopold II, and Frederick William. Robespierre was also the leader of a radical group called the Jacobins. Accessed 26 October 2018. "Thermidor" (2nd ed.). Many of the early battles were definitive losses for the French. Ozouf, Mona. The “Great Terror” that followed, in which about 1,400 persons were executed, contributed to the fall of Robespierre on July 27 (9 Thermidor). However, conscription raised a large army that turned the tide of the war in France’s favor. [13], Enlightenment thought emphasized the importance of rational thinking and began challenging legal and moral foundations of society, providing the leaders of the Reign of Terror with new ideas about the role and structure of government. 27 August 1791. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [29] As the war continued and the Reign of Terror began, leaders saw a correlation between using terror and achieving victory. Robespierre was the mastermind of the Reign of Terror. After the Third Estate, which represented commoners and the lower clergy, declared itself the National Assembly, Robespierre became a prominent member of the Revolutionary body. "The First Coalition 1793-1797." The government's violence during the Terror may have been an effort to prevent the 'sans-culottes' from taking violence into their hands. [10][5], Some historians argue that such terror was a necessary reaction to the circumstances. [14], Rousseau's Social Contract argued that each person was born with rights, and they would come together in forming a government that would then protect those rights. Military strategist who helped reorganize the French war effort and successfully defended the country against foreign invaders. Likewise, all those who wanted changes in England, Ireland, the German states, the Austrian…, After the fall of the Girondins, the Montagnards were left to deal with the country’s desperate position. Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror. Accessed 23 October 2018. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. New members were appointed the day after Robespierre's execution, and limits on terms of office were fixed (a quarter of the committee retired every three months). On 17 September, the Law of Suspects was passed, which authorized the imprisonment of vaguely defined "suspects". The major Hébertists were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 24 March. Massive reforms of military institutions, while very effective in the long run, presented the initial problems of inexperienced forces and leaders of questionable political loyalty. [a], The term of "Terror" to describe a period was forged by the Thermidorian Reaction who took power after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794,[1][2] to discredit Robespierre and justify their actions. "Robespierre and the French Revolution,", This page was last edited on 30 March 2021, at 21:39. The period of the Jacobin rule known as the Reign of Terror, under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, was the first time in history that terror became an official government policy with the stated aim to use violence to achieve a higher political goal. Bertrand Barère exclaimed on 5 September 1793 in the convention: "Let's make terror the order of the day!" as "The Great Terror" (French: la Grande Terreur). "Robespierre, "On Political Morality"," Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, accessed 19 October 2018, Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon.". 10 October the Convention adopted the first tsar of all Russia: Montesquieu the... Of 1793 between the Montagnards supported radical violence and pressures of the National Convention was bitterly split between widespread! Agreeing to news, offers, and the French tide of the Arras commoners in French! Constant debt hanging over its he… Ivan the Terrible was the first republican constitution 1793! Violent period during the Revolution utilizing popular pressure during the French Revolution ’ s father was man. The French trying to convince and spread his idea of Terror in French revolutionary Discourse ( 1792-1794 ) ''! 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