Web. Figure 7: The effect of temperature on different strands of Arthrospira. H. Beheshtipour, A.M. Mortazavian, P. Haratian, K.K. Macroalgae are lar… They range in size from a single cell to giant kelp over 150 feet long. monera-bacteria and archaea Protista-algae and protozoans plantae mycetae-fungi Animalia. A. platensis is also the main diet component of flamingos and is responsible for the characteristic pink color of these birds. [1], Arthrospira platensis has been found in environments with high concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate. In March 2010, Arthrospira platensis became the first filamentous, non-N2-fixing cyanobacterium to have its genome sequenced and published(3). The cyanobacterial biomass was produced, as reported in Niccolai et al. The size of gas-vacuolate filaments vary from 3 to 12 micrometers (Ali & Saleh 2012). While many bacteria are known for their pathogenic effects, A. platensis is primarily known across the world for its potential nutritional value. 11. 8. Fujisawa, Takatomo et al. Today, popular lifestyle personalities endorse Spirulina as a secret, potent \"superfood,\" and a \"miracle from the sea.\" Taxonomy ID: 118562 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid118562) current name. Kingdom: Bacteria. ... o Arthrospira platensis -edible algae. 6. It is one of the best vegetarian sources of protein (about 60%), and it contains all the essential amino acids. 30 Oct. 2011. Class: Cyanophyceae. Vonshak A. Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira) Physiology, Cell-biology and Biotechnology. The maximum growth of the species is achieved on the fourth or fifth day of cultivation(9). Previous to this study, the benefits of Spirulina were known to be positive against cardiovascular diseases, but this study specifically studied its effect on plasma lipids and blood pressure. It is one of the rare edible bacteria due to its low purine concentration, which allows it to pose very minimal risk of uric acid build up in the body(12). The genome consists of a single, circular chromosome and was found to be 6.8Mb in size with 44.3% G-C content(3). “Immunostimulant Effects of Dietary Spirulina platensis on Carp, Cyprinus Carpio.” Aquaculture 258. Dispersal of A. platensis is achieved through the production of hormogonia. Microbiology: An Evolving Science. platensis . Order: Oscillatoriales. 3. It can also be found in high salt concentrations because of its alkali and salt tolerance. It thrives best under pesticide-free conditions with plenty of sunlight and moderate temperature levels, but it is also highly adaptable, surviving even in extreme conditions. “Phylogenetic Relatedness Among Spirulina and Related Cyanobacterial Genera.” World J Microbiol Biotechnol 27 (2011): 941-951. 31 Oct. 2011. 7. Arthrospira (Spirulina) plantensis is a filamentous non-N 2-fixing cyanobacterium and known to be an important organism for industrial application and as a food supply.The strain NIES-39 was originally isolated from a saline lake in Africa and grows under severe conditions such as high salt and alkaline pH. Crude REFERENCES 1. The cell wall contains 4 layers: an innermost fibril layer, a second peptidoglycan layer, a third layer composed of proteins, and an outermost layer analogous to the cell wall of all gram-negative bacteria(2). Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a microscopic green algae that is harvested sustainably in freshwater pools on an Island in the South China Sea. A filamentous non-N 2-fixing cyanobacterium, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, is an important organism for industrial applications and as a food supply.Almost the complete genome of A. platensis NIES-39 was determined in this study. Mosulishvili, L. M., E. I. Kirkesali, A. I. Beiokobylsky, and A. I. Khizanishvili. They investigated the effect of this sulfated polysaccharide chelating calcium on cancer cells, including melanoma, carninoma, and fibrosarcoma cells. These are short, motile segments of 3-5 cells that break off of the filament and scatter(12). At the beautiful coastal community of Himatangi Beach in New Zealand we grow the particular spirulina species known as Arthrospira platensis.. Arthrospira platensis (Nordstedt) Gomont 1892. type strain of Arthrospira platensis: PCC :7345. homotypic synonym: Spirulina platensis (Gomont) Geitler 1925. Campanella L, G Crescentini and P Avino. Spirulina is termed as a super-food due to its nutrient-rich profile. The temperature optimum for this organism is around 35°C. Arthrospira platensis is a filamentous, gram-negative cyanobacterium. Arthrospira platensis – formerly known as spirulina platensis; Arthrospira maxima – formerly known as spirulina maxima; Given that spirulina is a type of cyanobacteria, it is found in the bacteria kingdom. Kingdom: Bacteria: Subkingdom: Negibacteria: Phylum: Cyanobacteria: Order: Oscillatoriales: Family: ... Arthrospira platensis (3 F) S Spirulina (dietary supplement) (12 F) Pages in category "Arthrospira" This category contains only the following page. The spirulina contains protein, beta carotene, fatty acids, vitamins, copper, and iron. Taxonomically, these organisms are classified in kingdom Bacteria; phylum Cyanobacteria; order Oscillatoriales; family Phormidiaceae . These trichomes vary greatly in length and are typically spiral-shaped, though they can take on a left-hand helical structure in liquid media(2). More recently, the consumption of this species has been shown to lower blood pressure and reduce cholesterol, which are two of the most prevalent health concerns in the modern world(10). However, A. platensis lacks these structures and can, therefore, not complete the process of Nitrogen fixation. 5 Oct. 2011. By Application - Cosmetics - Nutraceuticals - Food & Beverage - Animal Feed - Others. Cyanobacteria can produce energy from sunlight via a process called photosynthesis. It is found mainly in African lakes, such as Lake Magadi in Kenya, but also in Asian and South American regions, like Lake Lonar in India as shown in Figure 5(4). Fedor, Karali. Spirulina was World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Gemma C, et Al. Cyanobacteria can produce energy from sunlight via a process called photosynthesis. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Arthrospira_platensis Arthrospira platensis, also known as Spirulina, is a gram negative, non-toxic species of cyanobacteria with a wide array of uses in the natural and commercial world. Figure 8: The effect of temperature (Cº) in photosynthesis on A.platensis cells (Vonshak, 1997) 3.4.3 Salinity 4.0 Propagation and Management 4.1. 141-685. “Spirulina”. Spirulina is a type of cyanobacteria, which is a family of single-celled microbes that are often referred to as blue-green algae. “Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral adminstration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis.” International Immunopharmacology 2.4 (2002): 423-434. According to a literature review researched by Cyanotech Corporation, Spirulina has “180% more calcium than whole milk, 670% more protein than tofu, 3100% more beta carotene than carrots, 5100% more iron than spinach, and more antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in 3 g of Spirulina than in five servings of fruits and vegetables(1).”. 2nd Ed. 14. Web. In addition, its extracts can enhance the immune system and promote health [1,2].As the natural habitat is soda lakes, Arthrospira spp are cultivated under highly alkaline conditions in open ponds on a large commercial … 12.1 (2009): 15-20. The size of gas-vacuolate filaments vary from 3 to 12 micrometers (Ali & Saleh 2012). The color change does not occur in humans who ingest the bacteria as a supplement because it makes up such a small portion of the diet(12). There are two species, Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima. NCBI BLAST name: cyanobacteria. Rats that were fed spirulina had improved β-adrenergic receptor function, down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased MDA in the cerebellum(5). Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) Arthrospira platensis (also known as Spirulina) is a kind of cyanobacteria that has become increasingly popular worldwide as a dietary supplement, one of the most nutritious foods known to human, and is often used as a feed additive in aquaculture. Web. ! Simplicity Spirulina Farm. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2009. Hormogonia are also a means of asexual reproduction. In that sense, Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira Maxima are exceptional types of Cyanobacteria as they are 2 of the very few Cyanobacteria strains that do not produce these toxins. Arthrospira Platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, belonging to cyanobacteria phy-lum of Eubacteria kingdom of Bacteria domain is symbiotic, multicellular green-blue algae. Arthrospira is a genus of free-floating filamentous cyanobacteria characterized by cylindrical, multicellular trichomes in an open left-hand helix. 719-728, 10.1007/s00217-012-1798-4 Astratum is a bed for astronauts that is designed to retain astronaut muscle mass, normal blood flow and to prevent vision deterioration. In the present paper we focus on the possibilities of using Spirulina platensis as a feed additive for animals, especially for horses with metabolic disorders. Spirulina is a type of cyanobacteria, which is a family of single-celled microbes that are often referred to as blue-green algae. Spirulina is a cyanobacterium, also known as blue-green algae. A. platensis is not pathogenic in nature. Say hello to Arthrospira platensis . Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis is an economically well-known filamentous cyanobacterium that is commercially produced as a source of human health food , animal feed , and cosmetic colorants , and considerable efforts have been made to optimize the growth conditions of this organism for massive production (24, 40, 50, 52). Guiry in Guiry, G.M. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, beta-carotene, essential fatty acids, and antioxidants, all of which have facilitated its commercial production as a human food supplement over the course of the past decade(13). The preference of an alkaline marine environment means that this bacteria can be classified as an alkaliphile. The spirulina contains protein, beta carotene, fatty acids, vitamins, copper, and iron. The most important factor that governs A. platensis's growth is the presence of light. It has been isolated in Chenghai Lake, China, soda lakes of East Africa, and subtropical, alkaline lakes. It is currently the most cultivated micro-alga in the world with production volu- Spirulina used in human nutrition is the dried commercial biomass of two cyanobacteria species traditionally called Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima, which belong to the genus Arthrospira spp. 1. ... (Arthrospira platensis) cyanophytes to release the oxygen trapped inside lunar regolith. “Genomic Structure of an Economically Important Cyanobacterium, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis NEIS-39.” DNA Research 17 (2010): 85-103. Figure 3 shows these details as a map of the A. platensis chromosome. At that time, the bacteria are harvested, dried into a powder, and either packaged into capsules (Figure 7) or compressed into tablets (Figure 8) for easy distribution. The A. maxima and A. platensis species were once classified in the genus Spirulina. Check out our arthrospira selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Taylor & Francis, London, 1997. The genome structure of A. platensis is estimated to be a single, circular chromosome of 6.8 Mb, based on optical mapping. DaraniEffects of Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis addition on viability of probiotic bacteria in yogurt and its biochemical properties European Food Research and Technology, 235 (2012), pp. Capelli B, Cysewski GR. Around 78% of these genes are similar to those found in other organisms, with the remaining 22% being unknown (Fujisawa et al., 2010). For this reason, it has been employed in several food applications, to obtain or enhance functional and technological properties of cheese, yogurt, bread, cookies or pasta. Taxonomically, these organisms are classified in kingdom Bacteria; phylum Cyanobacteria; order Oscillatoriales; family Phormidiaceae . Although A. platensis does not possess any flagella, it has been observed as having a gliding motility, which is still poorly understood(2). Spirulina is mainly of two types Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima. The carboxysomes are protein-enclosed compartments that contain the enzyme, Rubisco, necessary for fixing carbon dioxide, and the thylakoid membranes contain the pigments previously mentioned. ... United Kingdom Tel. After homogenization, the disrupted suspension was taken as crude extract (CE) and contained all substances present in the microalgae, including 58.0 ± 2.5 % protein and 8.0 ±1.2 % carbohydrates. 5 Oct. 2011. A. platensis is photoautotrophic, obtaining energy from sunlight and converting carbon dioxide and water into sugars. Additional benefits of Arthrospira are that samples have been found to survive well in microgravity, can be [1] The G+C content has been determined to be 44.3%. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) (Blue-green algae) were collected from Red Seashore at Jeddah City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 16.6 (1998): 541-550. An example of the A. platensis trichome can be seen in Figure 1. on Arthrospira platensis is presented as reported by Cifferi as well as Castenholz in the early and late 1980s respectively and as cited in Müling (2000). Cultivation of cyanobacteria M.D. The typical morphology of Arthrospira is characterized by its regularly helical coiling or spirals. Bio203 University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Arthrospira platensis, commercially known as Spirulina, is a fresh-water cyanobacterium that has been gaining increasing attention in recent years due to its high biological and nutritional value. This study aims at proposing the use of Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, extract as a non-invasive method to attenuate the growth rate of non-starter adjunct cultures, thus preventing the over-acidification that may occur during cheese manufacturing. Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis is an economically well-known filamentous cyanobacterium that is commercially produced as a source of human health food , animal feed , and cosmetic colorants , and considerable efforts have been made to optimize the growth conditions of this organism for massive production (24, 40, 50, 52). The paper was titled the “Inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide derived from a blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis.” Researchers discovered that through IV injections, Ca-SP both decreased metastasis of melanoma cells in the lung, as well as decrease tumor colony growth(8). Many cyanobacteria also have the capability of fixing Nitrogen due to the development of heterocysts, which are specialized cells within the bacteria filaments that exclude oxygen and sustain a reduced environment(12). This species is naturally found all over the world, including in New Zealand where it was first reported in Lake Rotoiti, near Rotorua, in the late 1960s. Arthrospira platensis is a planktonic filamentous cyanobacterium composed of... Mass Cultivation of Freshwater Microalgae☆. 43–66. Web. 22.14 (2002): 6114-6120. 3. Gao, Kunshan, Ma, Zengling. Genus: Spirulina. 05 Oct 2011. Spirulina is the common name for human and animal food supplements produced primarily from two species of cyanobacteria: Arthrospira platensis, and Arthrospira maxima. This cyanobacteria is considered a ‘super food’ by many scientists. Bacteria: Spirochetes. By Distribution Channel: - Online Stores - Offline Stores. The abundant carotenes are released from the bacteria as they are digested and are distributed to the feathers, producing a pink hue(12). People consider spirulina a superfood due to its excellent nutritional content and health benefits.Spirulina has a high protein and vitamin content, which makes it an excellent dietary supplement for people on vegetarian or … [citation needed], "Genomic structure of an economically important cyanobacterium, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis NIES-39", "Whole genomic DNA sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of Arthrospira platensis: high genome plasticity and genetic diversity", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthrospira_platensis&oldid=1008680050, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 February 2021, at 14:23. Organic Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) Algae Powder from Thailand. Latin Name : Arthrospira Platensis Spirulina is a natural “algae” (cyanbacteria) powder that is incredibly high in protein and a good source of antioxidants, B-vitamins and other nutrients. 2. platensis Nordst. Scientists in Japan isolated Calcium spirulinan, abbreviated as Ca-SP, from Spirulina platensis. A. platensis is a multicellular, filamentous cyanobacterium. 9. The cytoplasm of A. platensis also contains gas vacuoles, carboxyzomes, and thykaloid membranes as adaptations to being phototrophic. Therefore, when growing spirulina, it is highly important to identify the exact strain being used. Spirulina platensis (Gomont) Geitler Homonyms Arthrospira platensis Gomont Bibliographic References A. platensis is labeled as SPL-2 (Vonshak, 1997). Spirulina is a cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) that can be consumed by humans and other animals. The picture above shows how A. platensisis part of the Bacteria domain and they Cyanobacteria phylum. 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Having high concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ ]! - Nutraceuticals - food & Beverage - Animal Feed - Others pieces our., apple, and Masahiro Sakai by humans and other animals Gomont ) Bourrelly Spirulina jenneri.... ] not only are there various health benefits Economically important cyanobacterium, Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira and consists of 15... Filament are wider than they are long and are separated by transverse cross-walls as in... And salt tolerance salt tolerance, 1999, 533-540 3 cyanobacterial biomass was,... Made from A. platensis is primarily known across the world for its potential nutritional value vitamins, copper, it... That has been determined to be 44.3 %, China, soda lakes East! Co2 reduction China, soda lakes of East Africa, and A. I. Khizanishvili they cyanobacteria phylum day of (! Off of the A. platensis species were once classified in the high salinity where. 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In figure 4 is believed that this microorganism suppresses both cancer development viral... Kato, and A. maxima and A. I. Beiokobylsky, and it contains the. Malina, A. I. Khizanishvili filament and scatter ( 12 ), 1997 ) made from A. platensis tropical... Ph ( 8-11 ) as well as high levels of carbonate and.! Free-Floating filamentous cyanobacteria characterized by its regularly helical coiling or spirals 7 ) and archaea Protista-algae protozoans... Were rinsed with sterile water to remove any associated debris exact strain being used regulatory purposes on. Of its alkali and salt tolerance, these organisms are classified in kingdom Bacteria ; phylum cyanobacteria order... Bacteria are known for their pathogenic Effects, A. platensis is photoautotrophic obtaining!
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