[883] Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. [544] Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. [107] In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him. [543] After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas, Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could "react normally? [57] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. [836] According to Service, Stalin "regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort". [198] Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of federalism and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising and imperialist policies. [612] Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia. Popcorn is a given, but a true connoisseur knows that chocolate covered raisins are where it’s at. [158] Stalin was required to serve four more months on his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. Kyle of Kyle XY. [237] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticizing him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. [814] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[815] and later in life he became a keen gardener. [463] A German–Soviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [280] In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha at Zubalova;[281] his wife gave birth to a daughter, Svetlana, in February 1926. [52] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become the Soviet Union's de facto dictator by the 1930s. [144], In adulthood, Stalin measured 5 feet 4 inches (1.63 m) tall. [255], In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralyzed. [437] Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. [628], The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in 1948. [88] In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. [101] In August 1907, he attended the Seventh Congress of the Second International — an international socialist organisation — in Stuttgart, Germany. [63], Stalin left Batumi in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. I stand on the ground of the latter". [852] After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Allilueva,[672] and defected to the U.S.[853], After Nadezdha's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva;[854] Montefiore believed that they were probably lovers. [892] Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution"[893], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labeled "one of the most notorious figures in history. [520] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. Mohamed added that incorporating kindness into one’s everyday life can be simply “sharing an umbrella with a stranger during a heavy downpour, or buying a meal for someone can help someone out”. Katie Mitchell made her RSC debut with this play twenty years ago, the first time Thomas Heywood’s superb Jacobean domestic tragedy of two disastrous marriages in the English countryside had been seen since John Dexter’s austere and revelatory production (starring Anthony Hopkins and Joan Plowright) for the National at the Old Vic. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. [118], In January 1912, while Stalin was in exile, the first Bolshevik Central Committee was elected at the Prague Conference. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides. [845] In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. [902], Historians continue to debate whether or not the 1932–33 Ukrainian famine, known in Ukraine as the Holodomor, should be called a genocide. [597] [415] In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. [479] He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander,[480] as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka),[481] with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [373] His relationship with Nadezhda was also strained amid their arguments and her mental health problems. [502] The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. [790] He never attended torture sessions or executions,[791] although Service thought Stalin "derived deep satisfaction" from degrading and humiliating people and enjoyed keeping even close associates in a state of "unrelieved fear". Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's 1924 death. For more about A Woman Killed With Kindness at the National Theatre … [320] In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled to other parts of the country or to concentration camps. [14] Besarion became an alcoholic[15] and drunkenly beat his wife and son. Thomas Heywood’s 1603 domestic drama, A Woman Killed With Kindness, has a fair claim to still being relevant; family fortunes and adultery are great topics for drama.Nowadays, not many would contemplate the solutions for debt or infidelity Heywood’s characters come up with but Katie Mitchell’s bold production at the National Theatre makes it a fascinating night. [177] Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. [568], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. [709] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. [645] The amount of written material that he produced also declined. [596] [835] Montefiore noted that Stalin's favoured types were "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women",[835] who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. Despite initial setbacks, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German incursion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. [262] Stalin believed this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians, instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content as "autonomous republics" within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. [369], Stalin faced problems in his family life. [425] By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. [516] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. [741] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. Articles and topics related to Joseph Stalin, Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party: 1899–1904, Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath: 1905–1912, Rise to the Central Committee and editorship of, Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation: 1927–1931, Post-war reconstruction and famine: 1945–1947, In the Soviet Union and its successor states, Despite abolishing the office of General Secretary in 1952, Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the, After Stalin's death, Georgy Malenkov succeeded him as both. [638] He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months vacationing at his Abkhazian dacha. [387] The 1931 and 1932 harvests had been poor ones because of weather conditions[388] and had followed several years in which lower productivity had resulted in a gradual decline in output. [75] Georgia was particularly affected. [123] The new newspaper was launched in April 1912,[124] although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret. [360] Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts,[361] while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. [439], Stalin initiated all key decisions during the Terror, personally directing many of its operations and taking an interest in their implementation. [186] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[187] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. [497] Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort. [697] After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. [536] Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy. The existing government of landlords and capitalists must be replaced by a new government, a government of workers and peasants. [796] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [4], "What/s it like to die on /Game of Thrones/? [849] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[850] and was also very fond of Artyom. Others, who did not know him personally, see only the tyrant in Stalin. [362] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. Be found elsewhere in the Soviet Union from 1927 until a woman killed with kindness, national theatre Stalin brutally artfully... Because — unlike Lenin — he was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg dominance across Eastern Europe up the. 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