[37] In court, Ms Schwalm read a passage specifically from The Bluest Eye in order to demonstrate the inappropriate nature of the content within the novel. In a 2012 interview with Interview magazine, Morrison claimed that the Black community “hated [the novel].” The little critical attention the novel received was generally positive. After the dog eats the meat, gags, and dies, Pecola believes her wish has been granted. She was the author of many novels, including The Bluest … [28] Early critics were also ambivalent about Morrison's portrayal of the black woman as an object in society rather than a person, only ever going so far as to bring this fact to light and rarely commenting past it. The sections narrated in the third person are all focused on some aspect of Pecola's lifethe sections explore either a family member or a specific significant event. Have you ever thought that nothing worse can happen...and then it does? The house symbolizes a home that represents some form of social class, personal situations, and morals. To Pecola, blue eyes symbolize beauty and associates it with whiteness. At this point Geraldine appears, and Junior promptly tells her that Pecola has killed the cat. One African-American educator, founder of the IFE Academy of Teaching & Technology Shekema Silveri, has stated: "Teaching novels like The Bluest Eye helps us break down barriers with students. The cat, released in mid-motion, is thrown full-force at the window. The stock market crash caused a downward … After several rejections, The Bluest Eye was published in the U.S. by Holt, Rinehart and Winston (later Holt McDougal) in 1970. Thus begins her sharp descent into madness. Alexander suggests that the image of a more human God represents a traditional African view of deities, better suiting the lives of the African-American characters. [55] The committee announced their decision explaining that removing the book "would eliminate the opportunity for deep study by our student[s] on critical themes in our society. The third-person narrator of The Bluest Eye is no dispassionate observer, but one who gives insights into the thoughts of characters and occasionally interprets events in a very explicit manner. The county placed Pecola with the MacTeer family until “they could decide what to do, or, more precisely, until the [Breedlove] family was reunited.”. [56], In September 2017, The Bluest Eye was challenged at North Buncombe High School in Buncombe County, North Carolina, by a parent, Tim Coley. [26] Anne Salvatore, a professor of English at Rider University, interprets this failure of the “anti heroine” as a stark contrast to the typical bildungsroman, where a male character defeats obstacles and grows from experience. On Tuesday October 24th, 1929, the Wall Street stock market crashed, precipitating the most severe economic crisis in U.S. history: the Great Depression. Clark Atlanta University. About the Author. Toni Morrison has created new spaces for readers through her spoken and written word to bring their minds eye and their intellect to the complex cultural , political , social and historical issues. [47], In 2013, a group of parents challenged The Bluest Eye's inclusion in Legacy High School's AP English curriculum due to the book's sexual content and "subject matter" of a girl getting raped by her father. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Meanwhile, Pecola converses with an unidentified person—presumably, herself—about her new blue eyes, which she still thinks “aren’t blue enough.” In the final moments of the novel, the adult Claudia tells the reader that Pecola gave birth prematurely and the baby did not survive. [46] In response to the legal concerns raised by LOVE, Livingston Prosecutor David Morse, the Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox, and the U.S. Attorney confirmed that no laws, state or federal, had been broken by including the selected books in the curriculum. Roye, Susmita. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Web. Susmita Roye, an associate professor of English at Delaware State University, notes that the novel emphasizes that living in a world defined by Euro-centric beauty standards creates a longing for whiteness, such as Pecola's desire for blue eyes, which attacks young black girls' confidence and perceived beauty. The Bluest Eye happens in Lorain, Ohio. [2], The novel received minimal critical attention when first published; however, it was placed on many university reading lists in black-studies departments, which promoted further recognition. November 15, 2016. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1999-06-18/news/9906180152_1_bluest-eye-toni-morrison-stevens-high. "[39] The decision was made by Baker City schools superintendent Arnold Coe, and was supported by the school board. The MacTeers take in a boarder, Henry Washington, and also a young girl named Pecola. The novel depicts several phases of a woman's development into womanhood. Clark Atlanta University. [11] Finally, Werrlein claims that the black parents have experienced oppression throughout their lives, and that same oppression has negatively influenced their familial structure. [44], In February 2007, a group called LOVE (the Livingston Organization for Values in Education) challenged four books in the Howell High School curriculum, including The Bluest Eye, Black Boy by Richard Wright, Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut, and The Freedom Writers Diary. The Bluest Eye. The Bluest Eye. [49], In response to the challenge, Legacy High School student Bailey Cross created a petition to maintain the book in the curriculum, and expressed the importance of retaining the book because "Banning and censoring this tells students that ... racism, incest, rape, abuse, are taboo subjects that should not be mentioned. Bump asserts that the novel reveals the belief that the outside of people ultimately reflects their character and personality. His motives are largely confusing, seemingly a combination of both love and hate. It is the story of eleven-year-old Pecola Breedlove–a black girl in an America whose love for its blond, blue-eyed children can devastate all others–who prays for her eyes to turn blue: so that she will be beautiful, so that people will look at her, so that her world will be different. [33] The ALA placed it on the Top Ten Most Challenged Books Lists for 2006 (5), 2014 (4), and 2013 (2). She lives in Rockland County, New York, and Princeton, New Jersey. [28], Critics picked up on Morrison's shortcomings as a first time published author. The Bluest Eye, debut novel by Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison, published in 1970. "It's All About Color: An Analysis of Color Symblism in Toni Morrison's Sula and The Bluest Eye". "It's All About Color: An Analysis of Color Symblism in Toni Morrison's Sula and The Bluest Eye". In an effort to save it, Pecola grabs his arm, causing them both to fall to the ground. THE BLUEST EYE. Although her novels typically concentrate on black women, Morrison does not identify her works as feminist works. They were married at a relatively young age and migrated together from Kentucky to Lorain. Detailed Summary & Analysis Prologue Section 1 Prologue Section 2 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Themes All Themes Beauty vs. Ugliness Women and Femininity Race and Racism Home and Family Sex and … According to the omniscient narrator, Polly and Cholly once loved each other. The ban was enacted in response to a complaint received by a parent of a ninth-grader student who was on the board and who took issue with the novel's sexual content, specifically the scene of Pecola's rape. Orlando Sentinel. The novel, through flashbacks, explores the younger years of both of Pecola's parents, Cholly and Pauline, and their struggles as African Americans in a largely White Anglo-Saxon Protestant community. His outrage grew and felt like power. She explained that in the mid-1960s “most of what was being published by Black men [was] very powerful, aggressive, revolutionary fiction or non-fiction.” These publications “had a very positive, racially uplifting rhetoric.” Black male authors expressed sentiments like “Black is beautiful” and used phrases like “Black queen.” At the time, Morrison worried that people would forget that “[Black] wasn’t always beautiful.” In The Bluest Eye, she set out to remind her readers “how hurtful a certain kind of internecine racism is.”. N.p., August 23, 2013. His latest scheme involves interpreting dreams and performing so-called “miracles” for the Black community in Lorain. The Bluest Eye, Los Angeles, California. And actually relating as an Ohio person, to have the Ohio, what—Board of Education?—is ironic at the least. In 1993 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. They promoted the importance of the nuclear family and helped to foster literacy in young children as well. In The Bluest Eye, Morrison foregrounded the demonization of Blackness in American culture, focusing on the effects of internalized racism. Pauline now works as a servant for a wealthier white family. National Coalition Against Censorship. "[17] Alexander claims Pecola's suffering stems from her attempts to rationalize her misfortune with the notion of an omnipotent God. [51], In July, 2014, East Wake High School in North Carolina removed The Bluest Eye from their reading lists due to what was deemed inappropriate content. Pecola's father is thus emasculated, Werrlein argues, because his behavior deviates from this standard for American family life. During an undergraduate creative writing workshop at Howard University, she worked on a short story about a young Black girl who prayed for blue eyes. “Implicit in her desire,” Morrison observed, “was racial self-loathing.” The soon-to-be author wondered how her friend had internalized society’s racist beauty standards at such a young age. The Bluest Eye. She died in 2019. Set in Lorain, Ohio in 1941, the novel traces how Pecola Breedlove, the dark-skinned daughter of a poor African American family, came to be pregnant with her father's child and lost her sanity after the baby died. Pecola loves Shirley … The third version lacks punctuation, capitalization, and spaces between words. The Bluest Eye is a fine book, a lament for all starved and stunted children everywhere ― Daily Telegraph Morrison's style rivets the reader...her synaesthetic, often rhythmic, even chanting prose recalls both Faulkner and Emily Dickinson ― The Times Literary Supplement. The novel takes place in Lorain, Ohio (Morrison's hometown), and tells the story of a young African-American girl named Pecola who grows up during the years following the Great Depression. Instead of making the plot of “The Bluest Eye” center around events of overt racism or such African American issues in order to address the looming specter of slavery and race, the focus of the book and this analysis of The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison presents readers with a more complicated and ultimately deeper portrayal of the effects of racism via an emphasis on the way self-hatred plagues the … June 18, 1999. [20] For example, Soaphead Church comes from a family obsessed with lightening their skin tone, and passes on the shame of his African-American heritage by molesting young girls. [22], Author Phillip Page focuses on the importance of duality in The Bluest Eye. Toni Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. Web. Although not seen commenting on previous challenges to her books, Morrison specifically commented on this particular incident: "I mean if it's Texas or North Carolina as it has been in all sorts of states. National Visionary Leadership Project, 2008. [40] The case started when parents complained to the school that they thought the book contained content that was sexually inappropriate for children. J. Brooks Bouson, English professor at Loyola University Chicago, claims that The Bluest Eye is a "shame drama and trauma narrative," that uses Pecola and its other characters to examine how people respond to shame. Plot Summary. Now, perhaps even more than it was first released, Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye, provides a pathway for reflecting on (and resisting) the impact of internalized racist ideas on the personal self-identifications of Black children, particularly Black girls. [49] Kuenz insists that The Bluest Eye demonstrates the impact of mass-produced images in a hegemonic society. As a result, the school decided to remove the book from freshmen and sophomore reading lists, and deemed that the novel was only "suitable" for juniors and seniors. "It's All About Color: An Analysis of Color Symblism in Toni Morrison's Sula and The Bluest Eye". The Bluest Eye, Morrison's first novel, focuses on Pecola (pea- coal -uh) Breedlove, a lonely, young black girl living in Ohio in the late 1940s. "[52] Despite the publicity, The Bluest Eye remained on the recommended reading list. For example, Pecola, the main character, wishes for blue eyes as a way to escape the oppression that results from her having dark skin. In short, simple sentences, the family in the primer is described as a happy, … African-American critic Ruby Dee wrote, "Toni Morrison has not written a story really, but a series of painfully accurate impressions. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Bluest-Eye, Academia - Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye: A New Historicist Analysis. Jackson, Veda (2011). In a 2004 interview Morrison described her motivations to write the novel. [48] In their petition launched through Change.org, the parents argued that they "did not want developmentally inappropriate and graphic books used for classroom instruction. "Probing Racial Dilemmas in 'the Bluest Eye' with the Spyglass of Psychology.". It was published in 1970. This received major push-back, with Mark Smith, Ohio Christian University president, saying, "I see an underlying socialist-communist agenda ... that is anti what this nation is about. The book's controversial topics of racism, incest, and child molestation have led to numerous attempts to ban the novel from schools and libraries. [17] This ideology damages Pecola and her mother, Pauline, who fully accepts Christianity and spends her time caring for a white family as opposed to her own. The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Plot Summary | LitCharts. [23] Page argues that breaks symbolize the challenges of African-American life, as seen in the rip in the Breedloves' couch that symbolizes poverty, or the break in Pauline's tooth that ruins her marriage and family. [23] The idea of breaks and splitting is common, as seen in the context of the war occurring in the time period of the story, the split nature of Pecola's family, and the watermelon that Cholly observes break open during a flashback. The exercise is also critical for any person who is black, or who belongs to any marginalized category, for, historically, we were seldom invited to participate in the discourse even when we were its topic.”[25] In this novel, Morrison depicts a protagonist, Pecola, an ugly black young girl who is a victim of this perpetual racism and denial that Morrison discusses. It reads: Hereisthehouseitisgreenandwhiteithasareddooritisveryprettyhereisthefamilymotherfatherdickandjaneliveinthegreenandwhitehousetheyareveryhappyseejaneshehasareddressshewantstoplaywhowillplaywithjaneseethecatitgoesmeowmeowcomeandplaycomeplaywithjanethekittenwillnotplay...lookherecomesafriendthefriendwillplaywithjanetheywillplayagoodgameplayjaneplay. The Bluest Eye, published in 1970, is the first novel written by Toni Morrison. The first version is clear and grammatically correct; it tells a short story about “Mother, Father, Dick, and Jane,” focusing in particular on Jane, who seeks a playmate. [She] was deeply concerned about the feelings of ugliness. Morrison's graphic storytelling within The Bluest Eye challenged existing attitudes about keeping children's literature free of sex and violence. The marigolds never bloom, and Pecola's child, who is born prematurely, dies. Bump, Jeromo. She brought The Bluest Eye and four other books to the attention of the Montgomery County school board, describing The Bluest Eye and others as "lewd, adult books. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The passage in question featured Soaphead Church and presented pedophelia and child molesting, leading to Schwalm's objections to its presence in schools. The third section of the novel (“Spring”) is by far the longest, comprising four vignettes. Morrison's novel confronts self-hatred and destructive behaviors black women participate in to fit into the hegemonic image of beauty and whiteness. Morrison combines many narratives: two perspectives of Claudia at different times in her life, as well as an omniscient third person who connects the many tragedies of the characters. [41] While some parents would have preferred heavier restrictions against the book at Stevens High School, they were glad that action was taken, as they viewed The Bluest Eye to be an "adult book. In the first vignette, Claudia and Frieda talk about how Mr. Henry—a guest staying with the MacTeers—“picked at” Frieda, inappropriately touching her while her parents were outside. The main narrator is Claudia MacTeer, a childhood friend with whom Pecola once lived. Terhar took particular issue when it came to the scene regarding Pecola being raped by her father. Toni Morrison The Bluest Eye Toni Morrison is the Robert F. Goheen Professor of Humani-ties, Emeritus at Princeton University. Thus, racism is a prevalent factor in their broken homes. In the second and third vignettes, the reader learns about Pecola’s parents, Pauline (Polly) and Cholly Breedlove. Jackson, Veda (2011). Debra Werrlein, professor at George Mason University, contends that the excerpts of "Dick and Jane" throughout the book project an image of an ideal family that contrasts with the family structures of the main characters. The second section (“Winter”) consists of two short vignettes. "[51], The American Civil Liberties Union sent a letter to Debe Terhar, explaining that it was her personal opinion that novel was "pornographic." "[42], In August 2005 in Littleton, Colorado, the Littleton school board voted to ban The Bluest Eye from reading lists, where it was listed as optional, and remove it from the libraries of the Heritage and Arapahoe high schools, despite the recommendation of a committee that the book be restricted to juniors and seniors. She has received the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Pulitzer Prize. However, most characters in the novel pass on their shame to someone below them on the social and racial ladder. , "Schools Limit Readership Of Book By Nobel Winner." It begins by delving into the personal history of Soaphead Church, a misanthropic Anglophile and self-proclaimed spiritual healer. [14] She further asserts that white beauty standards are perpetuated by visual images in the media as well as the attitude of Pecola's family. [27] Morrison was also positively reviewed for her break from the status quo of usual novels from the time period, writing to a wider audience and focusing on black subculture in the 1940s, rather than the military culture of the time. “This soil is bad for certain kinds of flowers. The well-read, race-obsessed Soaphead Church in The Bluest Eye is the inevitable product of these theories. In the very beginning of the novel, we get a sequence out of a children's book, where the quintessential children's family (Dick and Jane and their parents) perform a f… November 29, 2016. Eleven-year-old Pecola equates beauty and social acceptance with whiteness; she therefore longs to have “the bluest eye.” Although largely ignored upon publication, The Bluest Eye is now considered an American classic and an essential account of the African American experience after the Great Depression. [19], While Morrison is a notable female writer, she is quick to deny her works being categorized as “feminist,” as she believes the title denies the specific necessities of black women. Set in 1941, the story tells that she is consistently regarded as "ugly" due to her mannerisms and dark skin. Omissions? The story was in part true; it was based on a conversation with a childhood friend who wanted blue eyes. The lifestyle standards found in Dick and Jane were not achievable for many children who shared backgrounds similar to Pecola. Its passages are rich with allusions to Western history, media, literature, and religion. He gives her a piece of raw meat and demands that she give it to his property owner’s dog. Claudia narrates from two different perspectives: the adult Claudia, who reflects on the events of 1940–41, and the nine-year-old Claudia, who observes the events as they happen. She shows the reader how the racial issues of the distant and not-so-distant past continue to affect her characters in the present, thereby explaining, if not justifying, many of their actions. Zebialowicz, Anna, and Marek Palasinski. In addition, the string of letters describing Dick and Jane's perfect parents as strong and kind are used to contrast Pecola's parents in the novel. Kochar argues that to comprehend the complex violence inflicted on Pecola, one must analyze the novel through the Marxist and Feminist lens in addition to the psychoanalytical lens. Morrison also argues that if whiteness is used as a standard of beauty or anything else, then the value of blackness is decreased and this novel works to demolish that tendency. [2] This breakdown in the novel's structure also represents a destruction of the harmful ideologies which Morrison's stories seeks to debase. In The Bluest Eye, this most brutal of stories, Morrison blames no one. The novel is Claudia MacTeer's point of view. This belief compromises people's judgement and they act upon internal bias. [15], Critic Allen Alexander argues that religion is an important theme in The Bluest Eye, since Morrison's work possesses a "fourth face" outside of the Christian Trinity, which represents "the existence of evil, the suffering of the innocent. At the end of the third vignette—just before the events of the first section begin—Cholly drunkenly stumbles into his kitchen, where he finds Pecola washing dishes. She references parts in the book where the main characters are taught to feel less than human, specifically when the shopkeeper avoids touching Pecola's hand when giving her candy. [32], The Bluest Eye has frequently landed on American Library Association's (ALA) list of most challenged books because it contains offensive language, sexually explicit material, and controversial issues, as well as being unsuited for the age group. Morrison, Toni (1970). A tragic story of Pecola a young girl who blames her dark skin for the ridicule and abuse she receives and prays for blue eyes. Additionally, most chapters' titles are extracts from the Dick and Jane paragraph in the novel's prologue, presenting a white family that may be contrasted with Pecola's. [19] One example of this is how historically racist ideologies influence the Soaphead Church in the novel. The Bluest Eye is the first novel of Nobel-Prize winning writer Toni Morrison. Web. [50] Ultimately, the Adams County School Board voted to retain the Superintendent's original ruling of the 2010 challenge, which not only restricted the book to AP curriculum but also required teachers to notify parents before their child read the book. "TONI MORRISON'S DISRUPTED GIRLS AND THEIR DISTURBED GIRLHOODS: The Bluest Eye and A Mercy. In an attempt to beautify herself, Pecola wishes for blue eyes. Through Geraldine, Polly, Pecola, and other characters, she demonstrated how even the most subtle forms of racism—especially racism from within the Black community—can negatively impact self-worth and self-esteem. However, as Werrlein points out, the whiteness of these characters stood to represent the ideal American family. Claudia and Frieda are the only two in the community that hopes for Pecola's child to survive in the coming months. After reading the book, I had a student who said that she is the product of incest. One disappointment followed another, and sustained poverty, ignorance, and fear took steep tolls on their well-being. The Bluest Eye, however, was still left available within their libraries for students to read if they wish at their own discretion, as the school wished to make clear that they were not "denying students access to that level of literature. One day in the novel's present time, while Pecola is doing dishes, drunk Cholly rapes her. Morrison’s references to Dick and Jane—an illustrated series of books about a white middle-class family, often used to teach children to read in the 1940s—help contextualize the novel. In the first section of the novel (“Autumn”), nine-year-old Claudia introduces Pecola and explains why she is living with the MacTeers. She is the daughter of Pecola's foster parents at different stages in her life. [27], Within classrooms across the country, educators also disagreed over whether or not the novel was appropriate for children. In the beginning, Claudia and Frieda learn that Pecola has been impregnated by her father. She changed narrators and focal points within and between the four sections. [19] She adds that psychoanalytical study focuses on these race-based tensions that consistently cause emotional harm. The New York Times celebrated Morrison’s willingness to expose “the negative of the Dick-and-Jane-and-Mother-and-Father-and-Dog-and-Cat photograph that appears in our reading primers…with a prose so precise, so faithful to speech and so charged with pain and wonder that the novel becomes poetry.” All things considered, Morrison felt that “the initial publication of The Bluest Eye was like Pecola’s life: dismissed, trivialized, [and] misread.”. Toni Morrison is the author of eleven novels, from The Bluest Eye (1970) to God Help the Child (2015). The Bluest Eye is Toni Morrison’s first novel in which the author challenges Western standards of beauty and demonstrates that the concept of beauty is socially constructed. [20], In the article "Probing Racial Dilemmas in the Bluest Eye with the Spyglass of Psychology", Anna Zebialowicz and Marek Palasinski discuss the racial climate of the society set forth in the novel. Adamson, Joseph; Clark, Hilary, eds. [28] The most in-depth analysis of the novel began with feminist critique. Some 20 years after its initial publication, Morrison, reflecting on the writing of her first novel in a 1993 afterword to The Bluest Eye, described her prose as “race-specific yet race-free,” the product of a desire to be “free of racial hierarchy and triumphalism.” In her words: The novel tried to hit the raw nerve of racial self-contempt, expose it, then soothe it not with narcotics but with language that replicated the agency I discovered in my first experience of beauty. Pecolas father has tried to burn down his familys house, and Claudia and Frieda feel sorry for her. Set in Morrison’s hometown of Lorain, Ohio, in 1940–41, the novel tells the tragic story of Pecola Breedlove, an African American girl from an abusive home. "[5] Expanding on this point of self-esteem, Morrison elaborated that she "wanted to speak on behalf of those who didn't catch that [they were beautiful] right away. [28] Despite initial controversies surrounding the subject matter of The Bluest Eye, Morrison was eventually recognized for her contributions to literature when she received the Nobel Prize in 1993, over 20 years following the original publication of the novel. Pecolas obsessive desire is to have the bluest eye. [27] There were also notable differences between African-American critics (who often identified more with the characters of the novel) and Euro-American critics (who often only focused on the actual writing of the novel). A large number of the residents work in the steel mills in the town. Morrison's writing of the book began because she was "interested in talking about black girlhood. As a result, she develops an inferiority complex, which fuels her desire for the blue eyes she equates with "whiteness". Toni Morrison is the author of eleven novels, from The Bluest Eye (1970) to God Help the Child (2015). Updates? Set in 1940s Ohio, The Bluest Eye is a coming-of-age story about Pecola Breedlove, a young black girl who wants nothing more than to be loved. [2] Rather than depict strong female protagonists, Morrison creates characters who are actually defeated by the racism and sexism of the historic time period. [citation needed], In the article "Treatment of Violence: A Study of Morrison's the Bluest Eye and Beloved," Shubhanku Kochar argues that the theme of violence in the Bluest Eye is not discussed enough. In particular, the school highlighted the fact that the book contains "a description of a father raping his daughter. In the prologue, we learn that she had her father's baby, that it was a year no marigolds would grow, and that the baby and Pecola's father have died. Claudia laments on her belief that the whole community, herself included, has used Pecola as a scapegoat to make themselves feel prettier and happier. In response to the ban, Camille Okoren, a student attending the sit-in acknowledged that "students hear about rape and incest in the news media. [54] A committee, consisting of a school administrator and other educators, evaluated the book and recommended that the board vote to maintain the book in the AP curriculum and allow students the option to choose an alternative book. Though … Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Morrison prefaces the novel with a Foreword in which she explains several of her choices in … Before Beloved and Song of Solomon, Toni Morrison gave us The Bluest Eye. [59] Coley told WLOS-13 that "It's astounding really that somebody thinks it's OK for kids to be reading this in school.
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