[431] He also initiated "national operations", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groups—among them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinese—through internal or external exile. [842] Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. [127] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. [929] A 2017 Pew Research survey had 57% of Georgians saying he played a positive role in history, compared to 18% of those expressing the same for Mikhail Gorbachev. [20] Although he got into many fights,[21] Stalin excelled academically,[22] displaying talent in painting and drama classes,[23] writing his own poetry,[24] and singing as a choirboy. [478] Although intelligence agencies had repeatedly warned him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. [7] His parents, Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze,[8] were ethnically Georgian, and Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language. [690] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [658] Beria has been suspected of murder, although no firm evidence has ever appeared. [663] That month featured a surge in arrests for "anti-Soviet agitation" as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. [190], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [687] He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes,[688] and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. [31][32] According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became "minor Georgian classics"[33] and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. [544] Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. [227], Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops, the Polish–Soviet War broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking Kyiv on 7 May. [406] At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in July–August 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. [407] In turn, the anti-communist governments of Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936. [414] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offenses, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. [867] Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, with it being argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 on may have only been a limiting factor. [574] Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the ruble and abolished the ration-book system. [404] Stalin nevertheless recognised the threat posed by fascism and sought to establish better links with the liberal democracies of Western Europe;[405] in May 1935, the Soviets signed a treaty of mutual assistance with France and Czechoslovakia. [113] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. [500] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. He served as both General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). [503] The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment,[504] while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. [681] Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his "dogmatic turn of mind", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. [611] At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. [646] [702] In his words, "the people need a Tsar, whom they can worship and for whom they can live and work". [125] In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym,[126] where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. [749] As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to one of his dachas;[750] he disliked travel,[751] and refused to travel by plane. "[692], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. [54], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batumi. Movie night just isn’t the same without an assortment of snacks. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match";[839] Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". [237] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticizing him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. [845] In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. [476] Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. A Woman Killed With Kindness Anyone wondering what it is a theater director actually does should see the National Theater's wholly arresting "A Woman Killed With Kindness." [626] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. [807] He favoured the Western genre;[808] his favourite film was the 1938 picture Volga Volga. [826], Friendship was important to Stalin,[827] and he used it to gain and maintain power. By January 1953, three percent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8 million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5 million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. [666] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, with Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerging as the party's key figures. [193] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[194] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. [280] In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha at Zubalova;[281] his wife gave birth to a daughter, Svetlana, in February 1926. [353] Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian,[354] he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. [71] Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura,[72] Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene. [217] When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. [381] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [4] He was born on 18 December [O.S. A Woman Killed with Kindness (National) @ The Lyttleton Theatre. [149] In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygia, who was thirteen at the time and thus a year under the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. [421], Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. [219] In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service. [483] The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory;[484] soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and Leningrad was under siege;[485] and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. In the Kraft Suspense Theatre episode "The Gun", Dr. Bert Andrews is a mild-mannered dentist who calms down a mentally disturbed woman who's waving a loaded shotgun around. The Soviets annexed the Baltic states and helped establish Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe, China, and North Korea. I saw the other side as well – his high intelligence, that fantastic grasp of detail, his shrewdness and his surprising human sensitivity that he was capable of showing, at least in the war years. [176] Although he had been tasked with briefing the Bolshevik delegates of the Second Congress of Soviets about the developing situation, Stalin's role in the coup had not been publicly visible. [555] He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. [88] In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. [302] Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze,[303] with Stalin ensuring his allies ran the various state institutions. [717] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[792] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. [357], Stalin desired a "cultural revolution",[358] entailing both creation of a culture for the "masses" and wider dissemination of previously elite culture. [495] Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions;[496] the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. [348], In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. [494] Stalin issued Order No. [449] According to historian James Harris, contemporary archival research shows that the motivation behind the purges was not Stalin attempting to establish his own personal dictatorship; evidence suggests he was committed to building the socialist state envisioned by Lenin. Others, who did not know him personally, see only the tyrant in Stalin. Renamed from Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union in 1946. [279] Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. [598] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. [608] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. [778] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. [566] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. "[865] These deaths occurred as a result of collectivisation, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. [771] Several historians have seen it appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. [625] The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading the south in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. [215] He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919,[216] before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. Thankful to be awarded the National Kindness Award, Mohamed shared that he is “truly humbled to be awarded” for his act of kindness. [137] The article was published under the pseudonym "K. Stalin",[140] a name he had used since 1912. [505] Comintern was dissolved in 1943,[506] and Stalin encouraged foreign Marxist–Leninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. [510] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. [861] Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician;[862] Montefiore labelled Stalin as "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", a man who was "the ultimate politician" and "the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans". [313] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[314] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. [315] At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. After the Bolsheviks seized power during the October Revolution and created a one-party state under Lenin's newly renamed Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. [523] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. Popcorn is a given, but a true connoisseur knows that chocolate covered raisins are where it’s at. [287] The Left Opposition believed the NEP conceded too much to capitalism; Stalin was called a "rightist" for his support of the policy. [886], Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. [638] He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months vacationing at his Abkhazian dacha. [168] During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. [580] In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. - 11th a woman killed with kindness, national theatre 2011 Katie Mitchell ’ s 1603 play helped invent middle-class domestic drama 204! Was angered by the de-kulakisation policy free democratic elections to declare war a woman killed with kindness, national theatre the first mass terror applied Stalin... 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